By teaming up the history of ideas with the critical theory of history, this dissertation aims at enlightening the crisis of the concept of historical consciousness. The examination of the critical model unfolded by Adorno in order to think history presents two main stakes. From a philosophical point of view, his thought is topical due to its elucidation of the connection between individual subjects and history. From a philological perspective, the interpretation of the first works of Adorno allows to take another look at the widespread diagnostic of a failure of his philosophy of history. A double goal lies at the core of this study. The negative one sets his sights on the presumption of a pessimistic principle involving the unfolding history according to Adorno; we will show that his critic only appears desperate because of his attention to the psychosocial reality. Our positive goal involves revealing how the analysis of the Adornian critic of the belief in progress far from closing historical perspectives unveils a certain confidence in the feasibility of history. The concept of history-nature allows revising the dominant reception of Dialectic of enlightenment by correcting the idealist remnants of Marxism through a heuristic consideration of the naturalization of history. After having inspected the accusation of pessimism, the study shows how Adorno builds up a coherent theory of history in which men would not be objects anymore, but rather subjects. Through the concepts of history, forgetfulness and remembrance, Adorno restores at a theoretical level the feasibility of history through the reformulation of the Benjaminian remembrance of the suffering settled down in layers throughout the history and through a peculiar interpretative model.