Zusammenfassung

The aim of this research is to examine the relationship between official state categorization and ethnic self-identification of migrants. This analysis is conducted on the basis of a specific type of migration, the so-called "ethnic German migrations". The particularity of this migration from the former Soviet Union ist that immigrants obtain the German citizenship on the basis of their ethnic origin. In contrast to other migrants, they are thus not defined as foreign immigrants by the receiving state, but as co-ethnics “returning” to their ancestral homeland, a nation they ostensibly always belonged to. On the other hand, however, migrants mostly “return” to a country they have never lived in before. As a consequence of assimilation and generational change, most of the co-ethnic migrants have been socialized in a Russian-speaking, Soviet environment. There thus seems to be a discrepancy between an official categorization as "Germans" and a "lived experience" as "Russian", "foreigner" or "immigrant". To what extent is the official category of "Germanness" made meaningful in social interactions? How are the symbolic boundaries between "citizens" and "foreigners", between "Germans" and "non-Germans" negotiated by ethnic German migrants? The analysis is based on the ethnomethodological approach of "doing difference" which has been developed in the context of gender studies (West & Zimmermann 1987,West & Fenstermaker 1995). Within a perspective in terms of “practical nationality” (Hage 1998), I propose to look at the methods or practices through which ethnicity or nationhood is “done”, performed, and accomplished in social interactions. This focus on the “doings” of national identities allows me to analyze the ways through which national or ethnic categories are invoked, mobilized, but also unconsciously displayed in social interactions. In this sense, the relationship between categorization and appropriation, between external definition and internal self-identification is to be understood as a “contact zone” or “arena” in which heterogeneous actors with different power relationships negotiate national belonging. (Oltmer 2009). Through this interactionist, multi-level perspective, the subtle relationship between state categorization and individual identification shall be analyzed as a dynamic co-production of national identities. Within the scope of this thesis, three dimensions of the “doings” of national identities shall be taken into consideration. The first dimension concerns the legal and administrative practices of national categorization and appropriation. In a perspective of “street level bureaucracy” (Lipsky 1980, Spire 2008), the idea is to examine the bureaucratic practices through which administrative officers make use of national categories in their daily routines, and the ways they are appropriated by Aussiedler applicants. This part of the analysis is based on ethnographic observation and semi-structured interviews at the administrative unit of the admission camp of Friedland/Lower Saxony. The second dimension refers to the political practices through which ethnic or national categories are mobilized and invoked by ethno-political entrepreneurs. Within this perspective, the aim is to show how political actors, party leaders, activists and leaders of associations make use of national categories in political projects to invest them with symbolic meaning. This part of the analysis relies on ethnographic observations and interviews in Aussiedler associations in different districts of Berlin. Finally, the third dimension shall be concerned with cultural practices through which national identities are performed during “ethnic” events, festivals, and get-togethers. In this part, I draw on ethnographic observations and informal interviews at different kinds of cultural festivals and events, to examine how a sense of national belonging is conveyed, negotiated and recreated through these performances on stage.